Connective Tissue Supports and Protects OpenStaxCollege Muscle Tissue and Motion OpenStaxCollege Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response OpenStaxCollege Tissue Injury and Aging OpenStaxCollege The Integumentary System Introduction OpenStaxCollege Layers of the Skin OpenStaxCollege Accessory Structures of the Skin OpenStaxCollege Adipocytes are cells that store lipids as droplets that fill most of the cytoplasm. She interrupts your protests that you cannot stop playing. The distinctive appearance of cartilage is due to polysaccharides called chondroitin sulfates, which bind with ground substance proteins to form proteoglycans. Bone is the hardest connective tissue. It fills the spaces between muscle fibers, surrounds blood and lymph vessels, and supports organs in the abdominal cavity. -Wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid. Unlike epithelial tissue, which is composed of cells closely packed with little or no extracellular space in between, connective tissue cells are dispersed in a matrix. Blood contains formed elements derived from bone marrow. Young athletes, dancers, and computer operators; anyone who performs the same movements constantly is at risk for tendinitis. The first connective tissue to develop in the embryo is mesenchyme, the stem cell line from which all connective tissues are later derived. A layer of dense irregular connective tissue, the perichondrium, encapsulates the cartilage. Surgical repair of a tendon is painful. . Most often, the condition results from repetitive motions over time that strain the tendons needed to perform the tasks. The surface of hyaline cartilage is smooth. The superficial fascia is found just deep to the cutaneous membrane (or skin) and is typically composed of a combination of areolar and adipose connective tissues. The matrix is the most abundant feature for loose tissue although adipose tissue does not have much extracellular matrix. Most widely distributed connective tissue / Soft, pliable tissue / Contains all fiber types / Can soak up excess fluid Adipose Tissue Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate / Many cells contain large lipid deposits / Functions: insulates the body, protects some organs, serves as a site of fuel storage Heparin, also released as part of the inflammatory response, acts as an anticoagulant that prevents the formation of blood clots. Structural Organization of the Human Body, Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response, Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems, Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back, Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Thorax, Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System, Circulation and the Central Nervous System, Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, Development and Aging of the Endocrine System. Adipose. Can you name the 10 tissue types shown in the histology slides? In case of severe pain, X-rays can be examined to rule out the possibility of a bone injury. She consoles you by mentioning that well known tennis players such as Venus and Serena Williams and Rafael Nadal have also suffered from tendinitis related injuries. Protection is another major function of connective tissue, in the form of fibrous capsules and bones that protect delicate organs and, of course, the skeletal system. The mast cell, found in connective tissue proper, has many cytoplasmic granules. These cells can differentiate into any type of connective tissue cells needed for repair and healing of damaged tissue. . Tendinitis is routinely diagnosed through a clinical examination. Connective tissue is a heterogeneous tissue with many cell shapes and tissue architecture. Fibroblasts are the most abundant and secrete many protein fibers, adipocytes specialize in fat storage, hematopoietic cells from the bone marrow give rise to all the blood cells, chondrocytes form cartilage, and osteocytes form bone. A radioactive 60Co^{60} \mathrm{Co}60Co nucleus emits a gamma ray of wavelength 0.931012m0.93 \times 10^{-12} \mathrm{m}0.931012m. The mesenchymal cell is a multipotent adult stem cell. Nonetheless, connective tissues have a common structural plan, and we use areolar connective tissue (ah-re 9 o-lar) as our prototype, or model (Figure 4 and Figure 4 . Persons whose jobs and hobbies involve performing the same movements over and over again are often at the greatest risk of tendinitis. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. Fibroblasts are present in all connective tissue proper (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, They originate in the mesodermal germ layer and differentiate from mesenchyme and hematopoietic tissue in the bone marrow. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers as well as collagen and proteoglycans. Fibrocartilage is tough because of extra collagen fibers and forms, among other things, the intervertebral discs. 31 Transitional Epithelium Several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal . Tendinitis is the inflammation of a tendon, the thick band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. These combine to form a proteoglycan with a protein core and polysaccharide branches. One of the main functions of connective tissue is to integrate organs and organ systems in the body. If d1=3i^2j^+4k^\vec{d}_1=3 \hat{\mathrm{i}}-2 \hat{\mathrm{j}}+4 \hat{\mathrm{k}}d1=3i^2j^+4k^ and d2=5i^+2j^k^\vec{d}_2=-5 \hat{\mathrm{i}}+2 \hat{\mathrm{j}}-\hat{\mathrm{k}}d2=5i^+2j^k^, then what is (d1+d2)(d14d2)\left(\vec{d}_1+\vec{d}_2\right) \cdot\left(\vec{d}_1 \times 4 \vec{d}_2\right)(d1+d2)(d14d2) ? (c) Elastic cartilage provides firm but elastic support. What is the current? Dense irregular elastic tissues give arterial walls the strength and the ability to regain original shape after stretching ([link]). Wraps and cushions organs 2. LM 800. White adipose tissue can be found protecting the kidneys and cushioning the back of the eye. The major types of connective tissue are connective tissue proper, supportive tissue, and fluid tissue. No blood vessels supply cartilage tissue. It makes up a template of the embryonic skeleton before bone formation. Like blood cells, mast cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells and are part of the immune system. After examining your swollen wrist, the doctor in the emergency room announces that you have developed wrist tendinitis. Connective Tissue Supports and Protects by OpenStaxCollege is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Unlike epithelial tissue, which is composed of cells closely packed with little or no extracellular space in between, connective tissue cells are dispersed in a matrix. Injuries to cartilage heal very slowly because cells and nutrients needed for repair diffuse slowly to the injury site. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain? In dense irregular connective tissue, the direction of fibers is random. Supportive connective tissuebone and cartilageprovide structure and strength to the body and protect soft tissues. Fluid tissue, for example blood and lymph, is characterized by a liquid matrix and no supporting fibers. The external ear contains elastic cartilage. The game is over for now. connective tissue that stores fat and protects organs is _____ adipose. Some white blood cells have the ability to cross the endothelial layer that lines blood vessels and enter adjacent tissues. Elastic fibers are prominent in elastic tissues found in skin and the elastic ligaments of the vertebral column. are licensed under a, Structural Organization of the Human Body, Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response, Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems, Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back, Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax, Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System, Circulation and the Central Nervous System, Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation, Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange, Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, Digestive System Processes and Regulation, Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance, Human Development and the Continuity of Life, Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System, Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System, Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems, Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages, https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/4-key-terms, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Osteocytes, bone cells like chondrocytes, are located within lacunae. In some tissues, fibers crisscross and form a mesh. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix. Roaming, or free, macrophages move rapidly by amoeboid movement, engulfing infectious agents and cellular debris. Bone is a highly vascularized tissue. Connective Tissue: Tendinitis Cancellous bone is spongy and less solid than compact bone. Tendinitis is routinely diagnosed through a clinical examination. In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________. In loose connective tissue, the fibers are loosely organized, leaving large spaces in between. - Collagen fibersstrongest; resist tension. For a current set up in wire for 28.0 d, a total of, 1.3610261.36 \times 10 ^ { 26 } It allows water, salts, and various nutrients to diffuse through to adjacent or imbedded cells and tissues. In bone, the matrix is rigid and described as calcified because of the deposited calcium salts. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School 2012), This is a loose connective tissue made up of a network of reticular fibers that provides a supportive framework for soft organs. Bone is the hardest connective tissue. energy- rich fat cells - richly vascularized (provide blood vessels, high metabolic activity) What is the function of adipose tissue? The extracellular matrix contains fluid, proteins, polysaccharide derivatives, and, in the case of bone, mineral crystals. Watch this animation to learn more about tendonitis, a painful condition caused by swollen or injured tendons. Reticular tissue is a mesh-like, supportive framework for soft organs such as lymphatic tissue, the spleen, and the liver (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)). A histologist examines a tissue slide and observes many fibers tightly packed together in a parallel arrangement. Connective tissue proper includes the fixed cells fibrocytes, adipocytes, and mesenchymal cells. The three broad categories of connective tissue are classified according to the characteristics of their ground substance and the types of fibers found within the matrix ([link]). Bone tissue is highly vascularized. As a consequence, it displays greater resistance to stretching. The dermis of the skin is an example of dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers. Most often, the condition results from repetitive motions over time that strain the tendons needed to perform the tasks. Two major forms of supportive connective tissue, cartilage and bone, allow the body to maintain its posture and protect internal organs. Blood is a fluid connective tissue, a variety of specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins in a liquid extracellular matrix. The matrix is the most abundant . Wraps and cushions organs, holds and conveys tissue fluid during inflammation (packages organs, surrounds capillaries) loose adipose connective tissue. While older adults are at risk for tendinitis because the elasticity of tendon tissue decreases with age, active people of all ages can develop tendinitis. It contains all the cell types and fibers previously described and is distributed in a random, web-like fashion. One of the main functions of connective tissue is to integrate organs and organ systems in the body. Injuries to cartilage heal very slowly because cells and nutrients needed for repair diffuse slowly to the injury site. delicate network of interwoven fibers. Unlike cartilage, bone tissue can recover from injuries in a relatively short time. Nutrients, salts, and waste are dissolved in the liquid matrix and transported through the body. In case of severe pain, X-rays can be examined to rule out the possibility of a bone injury. Cytokines recruit other cells of the immune system to infected sites and stimulate their activities. Protein fibers fall into three major groups: collagen fibers that are thick, strong, flexible, and resist stretch; reticular fibers that are thin and form a supportive mesh; and elastin fibers that are thin and elastic. . Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, transport the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in a liquid called blood plasma. Reticular cells produce the reticular fibers that form the network onto which other cells attach. In this way, specialized lymphatic capillaries transport absorbed fats away from the intestine and deliver these molecules to the blood. She recommends icing the tender area, taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication to ease the pain and to reduce swelling, and complete rest for a few weeks. It fills the spaces between muscle fibers, surrounds blood and lymph vessels, and supports organs in the abdominal cavity. Areolar tissue underlies most epithelia and represents the connective tissue component of epithelial membranes, which are described further in a later section. In dense irregular connective tissue, the direction of fibers is random. The macrophage cells are an essential component of the immune system, which is the bodys defense against potential pathogens and degraded host cells. Between 4-16% of adults in the United States have experienced difficulty swallowing at some point during their lives. That dull ache in the wrist that you ignored through the summer is now an unbearable pain. Provides reserve fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organ Under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen, and in breasts areolar Wraps and cushions organs, its macrophages phagocytize bacteria, plays an important role in inflammation, and holds and conveys tissue fluid Widely distributed under epithelia, forms . Secreted by fibroblasts, ground substance is made of polysaccharides, specifically hyaluronic acid, and proteins. She interrupts your protests that you cannot stop playing. capillary action: If the adhesive forces are _____ than the cohesive forces, the attraction to the surface draws the liquid up the tube and the cohesive forces pull along those molecules not in direct contact with the tube walls Protein fibers fall into three major groups: collagen fibers that are thick, strong, flexible, and resist stretch; reticular fibers that are thin and form a supportive mesh; and elastin fibers that are thin and elastic. A few cells can be seen squeezed between the fibers. This tissue gives rigid support as well as elasticity. The knee and jaw joints and the intervertebral discs are examples of fibrocartilage. When stimulated, macrophages release cytokines, small proteins that act as chemical messengers. These combine to form a proteoglycan with a protein core and polysaccharide branches. Fibrocartilage is tough because it has thick bundles of collagen fibers dispersed through its matrix. Legal. In contrast, white fat adipocytes store lipids as a single large drop and are metabolically less active. A plate of hyaline cartilage at the ends of bone allows continued growth until adulthood. Want to create or adapt books like this? For the passionate athlete, it may be time to take some lessons to improve technique. Some white blood cells have the ability to cross the endothelial layer that lines blood vessels and enter adjacent tissues. The macrophage cell is a large cell derived from a monocyte, a type of blood cell, which enters the connective tissue matrix from the blood vessels. electrons pass through any cross section across the wire's width at a steady rate. She issues a stern warning about the risk of aggravating the condition and the possibility of surgery. Areolar tissue underlies most epithelia and represents the connective tissue component of epithelial membranes, which are described further in a later section. Collagen, Reticular, Elastic. Like blood cells, mast cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells and are part of the immune system. The amount and structure of each component correlates with the function of the tissue, from the rigid ground substance in bones supporting the body to the inclusion of specialized cells; for example, phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens and also rid tissue of cellular debris are common in many connective tissues. The example is from dog tissue. Cancellous bone is spongy and less solid than compact bone. There are two basic types of adipocytes: white and brown. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body, mucous membranes, packages organs, surrounds capillaries Blood Function: Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances Location: within blood vessels Bone Clusters of mesenchymal cells are scattered throughout adult tissue and supply the cells needed for replacement and repair after a connective tissue injury. As you toss the ball high in the air, a burning pain shoots across your wrist and you drop the tennis racket. Their effectiveness at storing large amounts of fat is witnessed in obese individuals. Cartilaginous tissue is avascular, thus all nutrients need to diffuse through the matrix to reach the chondrocytes. For active individuals, stretches before exercising and cross training or changing exercises are recommended. The roots ped and pod mean "foot." The root phob means "fear." The root port means "to carry" or "bring." It is lighter than compact bone and found in the interior of some bones and at the end of long bones. The three broad categories of connective tissue are classified according to the characteristics of their ground substance and the types of fibers found within the matrix (Table \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Cells circulate in a liquid extracellular matrix. Embedded within the cartilage matrix are chondrocytes, or cartilage cells, and the space they occupy are called lacunae (singular = lacuna). All of the preventive measures aim to increase the strength of the tendon and decrease the stress put on it. It allows water, salts, and various nutrients to diffuse through to adjacent or embedded cells and tissues. These granules contain the chemical signals histamine and heparin. - Location(s): widely distributed under epithelia of body; forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries . Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. Difficulty swallowing, or clinically referred to as dysphagia, poses increased concern when drinking beverages. This is a factor contributing to the very slow healing of cartilaginous tissues. Connective tissues come in a vast variety of forms, yet they typically have in common three characteristic components: cells, large amounts of amorphous ground substance, and protein fibers. Tendinitis is the inflammation of a tendon, the thick band of dense regular connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. The major component of the matrix is a ground substance often crisscrossed by protein fibers. The proteoglycan attracts and traps available moisture forming the clear, viscous, colorless matrix you now know as ground substance. A large number of capillaries allow rapid storage and mobilization of lipid molecules. In all cases, overuse of the joint causes a microtrauma that initiates the inflammatory response.
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