After the Edict of Beaulieu, they had started forming local leagues to protect their religion. Others point to the Guise family or a Spanish-papal plot to end Coligny's influence on the king. She died on 27 March 1615.2. Margaret later recalled that she saved the lives of several prominent Huguenots during the massacre by keeping them in her rooms and refusing to admit the assassins. Jeanne finally agreed to the marriage between her son and Margaret, so long as Henry could remain a Huguenot. [60], In 1566, through the ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Guillaume de Grandchamp de Grantrie, and because of a long-standing Franco-Ottoman alliance, Charles and Catherine proposed to the Ottoman Court a plan to resettle French Huguenots and French and German Lutherans in Ottoman-controlled Moldavia, in order to create a military colony and a buffer against the Habsburg. His choice thwarted Catherine's plans for a political marriage to a foreign princess. Frieda 2003, p. 47 (NY edition). The 10 years from 1560 to 1570 were, politically, the most important of Catherines life. I am surprised that she never did worse. Catherine de' Medici's parents die when she was a baby; however, it was from separate sicknesses. Once in control of the royal purse, she launched a programme of artistic patronage that lasted for three decades. Catherine de Medici was the daughter of Lorenzo di Piero de Medici, duca di Urbino, and Madeleine de La Tour dAuvergne, a Bourbon princess related to many of the French nobility. Her relationship with her mother never did improve it was as if Catherine resented Margaret for being the healthiest child. 15 Feb 1471, d. 28 Dec 1503. In desperation, Catherine tried every known trick for getting pregnant, such as placing cow dung and ground stags' antlers on her "source of life", and drinking mule's urine. Catherine de Medici was best known for being the queen consort of Henry II of France (154759) and regent of France. [138], The earliest known reference to Catherine as the popularizer of Italian culinary innovation is the entry for "cuisine" in Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopdie published in 1754, which describes haute cuisine as decadent and effeminate and explains that fussy sauces and fancy fricassees arrived in France via "that crowd of corrupt Italians who served at the court of Catherine de' Medici. She is the younger half-sister of Clarissa and Sebastian, the younger sister of Francis, Louis, Elisabeth, Claude, Charles, Henry, Henrietta and Emone. She retreated to her property at Agen and begged her mother for money. This rejection was one basic element in the outbreak of civil war in 1562, in whichas she had predictedCatherine fell, politically, into the clutches of the extremists, because the Catholic crown might protect its Protestant subjects in law but could not defend them in arms. Omissions? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). How old was Catherine de Medici when she got married? Princess Margaret of Valois, also known as Margot,is the daughter of Catherine de Medici and Henry II. Catherine outlived all her children except Henry III, who died seven months after her, and Margaret, who inherited her robust health. [97] By 1585, Henry III had no choice but to go to war against the League. Upon the death of her brother Henry in 1589, her husband became the King of France and she the Queen. In early 1572, Joan Henrys mother and Queen regnant of Navarre arrived in France feeling ill and tired but determined to see the marriage negotiations through. [82], Two years later, Catherine faced a new crisis with the death of Charles IX at the age of twenty-three. At an early age, she was offered as a bride for her sisters widower King Philip II of Spain, but nothing came of that. Catherine believing her daughter had died in the forest, while Clarissa never knew who her birth parents were. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. WebClarice Orsini (on the left) with her sister-in-law Bianca Maria de' Medici. Catherine was overjoyed at the match, but her joy was overshadowed by the death of her husband. WebMaybe it goes without saying (because The CW did make a whole TV show about it called Reign), but Catherines daughter-in-law was the equally infamous Mary, Queen of Scots. Did Queen Catherine of France have a deformed daughter? Despite her considerable power, Leeza is the least favorite of Catherine's children, and underneath her tough facade is a legitimate desire for her mother's affections. She also met her daughter Elisabeth at Bayonne near the Spanish border, amidst lavish court festivities. WebIn Inquisition, it is revealed that Clarissa is the illegitimate daughter of Catherine de Medici and was born with a birthmark on her face. WebHenry II was the philandering king of France who carried out an affair with Kenna, lady-in-waiting to the queen of Scotland, despite already being married to Catherine de' Medici.He was an ambitious man, especially when it came to taking England, which he spent years trying to do.Following his son's marriage to Mary Stuart, Henry descended into madness [14] In October 1529, Charles's troops laid siege to Florence. Unlike the proposals of Poissy, the edict was law, which the Protestants accepted and the Catholics rejected. In an age of civil war and declining respect for the monarchy, she sought to bolster royal prestige through lavish cultural display. [35] There is reason to believe she was party to the decision when on 23 August Charles IX is said to have ordered, "Then kill them all! The throne of France was held by Francis I, also known as Francis A poem by Ronsard, engraved on its base, tells the reader not to wonder that so small a vase can hold so large a heart, since Henry's real heart resides in Catherine's breast.[132]. Catherine de' Medici married Henry, Duke of Orlans, the future Henry II of France, in Marseille on 28 October 1533. [55] The royal army struck back quickly and laid siege to Huguenot-held Rouen. For the next ten days, Henry's state fluctuated. When Jeanne arrived in Paris to buy clothes for the wedding, she was taken ill and died on 9 June 1572, aged forty-three. She presided over his council, decided policy, and controlled state business and patronage. Victoire was born safely but Joan did not want to come and Catherine began to weaken quickly. [117], An inventory drawn up at the Htel de la Reine after Catherine's death shows her to have been a keen collector. From this time dates the legend of the wicked Italian queen. She was Queen of France from 1547 to 1559 by marriage to King Henry II and the mother of French kings Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. "[68] Catherine called Jeanne, whose decision to rebel posed a dynastic threat to the Valois, "the most shameless woman in the world". Blunt calls Caron's style "perhaps the purest known type of Mannerism in its elegant form, appropriate to an exquisite but neurotic society." He depended on Catherine and her team of secretaries until the last few weeks of her life. [74] The wedding took place on 18 August 1572 at Notre-Dame, Paris. In 1570, Charles IX married Elisabeth of Austria, daughter of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor. The regency was traditionally the preserve of the princes of the blood. About 1538, at the age of 19, Henry had taken as his mistress the 38-year-old Diane de Poitiers,[27] whom he adored for the rest of his life. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Margaret of Valois was the third daughter and seventh child of King Henry II of France and his Italian queen, Catherine de Medici. He often hid from state affairs, immersing himself in acts of piety, such as pilgrimages and flagellation. Claude was described with the words, In her beauty she resembled her mother, in her knowledge and kindness she resembled her aunt; and the people of Lorraine found her ever kind as long as she lived, as I myself have seen when I went to that country; and after her death they found much to say of her. Under her son, Francis II, power was retained by the Guise brothers. On 25 November 1579, she wrote to the king, "You are on the eve of a general revolt. [17] Suitors, however, lined up for her hand, including James V of Scotland who sent the Duke of Albany to Clement to conclude a marriage in April and November 1530. [115], Catherine believed in the humanist ideal of the learned Renaissance prince whose authority depended on letters as well as arms. [19] Clement visited the newlyweds in bed the next morning and added his blessings to the night's proceedings. WebFrance Catherine de Medici was born in Florence (Firenze), Italy on April 13th and is known to be one of the most important women during the Renaissance period. "[112] She visited her old friend Cardinal de Bourbon on 1 January 1589 to tell him she was sure he would soon be freed. Both of her parents died within weeks of her birth, leaving her an orphan. When Francis II died in 1560, she became regent on behalf of her 10-year-old son King Charles IX and was thus granted sweeping powers. Catherine could not hold back her sobs. Writing that she wanted to see Jeanne's children, she promised not to harm them. Francis II became king at the age of fifteen. Hoogvliet, 111. He was also healthier, though he suffered from weak lungs and constant fatigue. She quickly terminated the second (September 1567March 1568) with the Peace of Longjumeau, a renewal of Amboise. "[79] Historians have suggested that Catherine and her advisers expected a Huguenot uprising to avenge the attack on Coligny. To avoid questions about the baby's distinguishing birthmark, she gave the baby to Nostradamus' father. Years later, Diane, daughter of Henry II and Philippa Duci, had Catherine's remains reinterred in the Saint-Denis basilica in Paris. Catherine did not hesitate to exploit her new authority. Sebastian instead had Clarissa poisoned to fulfill Nostradamus' prophecy that Mary's arrival at the French court would cause Catherine's firstborn's death; Clarissa was technically Catherine's first child, and her death supposedly saved the sickly Prince Francis, the oldest legitimate child, from his own death. She is also known for her involvement in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day (1572)part of the CatholicHuguenot wars (Wars of Religion; 156298)and for being mother to three kings of France. "[90] The death of her youngest son was a calamity for Catherine's dynastic dreams. His designs for the Valois Tapestries celebrate the ftes, picnics, and mock battles of the "magnificent" entertainments hosted by Catherine. "The Louvre: Royal Residence and Temple of the Arts". Catherine delayed her daughters departure as much as she could, but they finally set out of for Spain on 18 November 1559. [45] Neither saw the need to punish Protestants who worshipped in private and did not take up arms. She therefore told him: "Since you rely on your forces, we will show you ours". She was born less than 20 years ago to the couple while the Queen's husband was away. On 5 January 1589, Catherine died at the age of sixty-nine, probably from pleurisy. Catherine had at least taken the precaution of marrying Margaret, her youngest daughter, to Navarre. Knecht, 272. [110] Immediately after the murder of Guise, Henry entered Catherine's bedroom on the floor below and announced, "Please forgive me. Catherine sent her only enough "to put food on her table". On 8 September 1588 at Blois, where the court had assembled for a meeting of the Estates, Henry dismissed all his ministers without warning. At the meeting of the Estates, Henry thanked Catherine for all she had done. [134] The end of the Valois dynasty so soon after her death brought a change in priorities. Greg Bryk, an actor, played him. I have done to him what he was going to do to me. But she was unable to avert its revocation (August 1568), which heralded the third civil war. WebPrincess Claude of Valois was born on November 12, 1547 in Fontainebleau, France, as the 2nd daughter & 3rd child born to King Henry II & his wife Queen Catherine de Medici. It has been suggested that Catherine educated her son, Henry III, in the dark arts,[145] and that "the two devoted themselves to sorceries that were scandals of the age". They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. It is also necessary to understand this political struggle of the Catholic crown with its own ultramontane extremists and to perceive its fluctuations in changing circumstances, in order to realize the fundamental consistency of Catherines career. [48], Charles IX was nine years old at the time of his coronation, during which he cried. The Spanish ambassador told Philip II that the abscess was about to burst.[103]. She was one of the most influential personalities of the CatholicHuguenot wars (Wars of Religion; 156298). This she envisaged in terms of the marriage of her daughter Marguerite to the young Protestant leader, Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV of France), and alliance with England through the marriage of her son Henry, duc dAnjou, or, failing him, his younger brother Franois, duc dAlenon, to Queen Elizabeth. Three of her sons became kings of France, while two of her daughters married kings and one married a duke. When Henry II died in 1559 Catherine de Medici went on to rule France in the name of her sons for the next 3 decades, until her death in 1589. Catherine was one of his godparents and was overjoyed to see her daughter again. Charles had been largely brought up at the French Court and Claude probably knew him well. It was designed by Francesco Primaticcio (15041570), with sculpture by Germain Pilon (15281590). Artistic, energetic, and extraverted, as well as discreet, courageous, and gay, Catherine was greatly esteemed at the dazzling court of Francis I, from which she derived both her political attitudes and her passion for building. On 17 August 1563, Charles IX was declared of age at the Parlement of Rouen, but he was never able to rule on his own and showed little interest in government. [2] In return, she was blamed for the persecutions carried out under her sons' rules, in particular the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572, during which thousands of Huguenots were killed in France. Corrections? Henry VIII was king of England and still (mostly) happily married to Catherine of Aragon. Her merciful Edict of Amboise (March 1560) was followed in May by that of Romorantin, which distinguished heresy from sedition, thereby detaching faith from allegiance. Jeanne d'Albret wrote to her son, Henry: "I am not free to talk with either the King or Madame, only the Queen Mother, who goads me [, Holt, 83. In 1556, Catherine nearly died giving birth to twin daughters, Jeanne and Victoire. Updates? Charles and Claude had a happy marriage, and their close proximity to the French court meant that they were able to visit Catherine often. Henry of Navarre, son of Jeanne dAlbret, and Margaret of Valois, Catherines daughter. Catherine ordered him to court and had him imprisoned as soon as he arrived. This lends some weight to the suggestion that people were labelled 'witches' simply because they did not act the way a woman would have been expected to act, or simply to suit personal or political agendas. He planned to block Henry of Navarre's succession and place Henry's Catholic uncle Cardinal Charles de Bourbon on the throne instead. Also Known As : Caterina Maria Romola di Lorenzo de Medici. "Princely Culture and Catherine de Mdicis". For the first ten years of the marriage, the royal couple failed to produce any children together. Thus occupied, Catherine lived privately though she was appointed regent in 1552 during Henrys absence at the siege of Metz. [125], Catherine de' Medici's great love among the arts was architecture. Orphaned within days, Catherine was highly educated, trained, and disciplined by nuns in Florence and Rome and married in 1533 by her uncle, Pope Clement VII, to Henry, duc dOrlans, who inherited the French crown from his father, Francis I, in April 1547. Viscount Catherine's former lover and Clarissa's father was Richard DelaCroix. Victoire (24 June 1556 17 August 1556). They were usually dedicated to the ideal of peace in the realm and based on mythological themes. At the age of fifty-nine, she embarked on an eighteen-month journey around the south of France to meet Huguenot leaders face to face. Claude gave birth to Catherines first grandson, named Henry, on 8 November 1563. In 1578, she took on the task of pacifying the south. Born Giulio de' Medici, Catherine's uncle took the name Clement VII upon becoming pope in 1523. They finally married on 18 August, but Margaret persisted until the end, she offered no resistance, she gave no assent. Her head was pushed down by her brother as if she were nodding yes and so she became the Queen of Navarre. [130] As the centrepiece of an ambitious new chapel, she commissioned a magnificent tomb for Henry at the basilica of Saint Denis. Listed works of art included tapestries, hand-drawn maps, sculptures, rich fabrics, ebony furniture inlaid with ivory, sets of china, and Limoges pottery. [58] On 19 March 1563, the Edict of Amboise, also known as the Edict of Pacification, ended the war. [128], Catherine had emblems of her love and grief carved into the stonework of her buildings. They chose therefore to strike first and wipe out the Huguenot leaders while they were still in Paris after the wedding. It was only after Leo's death in 1521, that his successor, Adrian VI, restored the duchy to its rightful owner, Francesco Maria I della Rovere. The massacre lit the fuse that sparked the French Wars of Religion. Philip II excused himself from the occasion. The Duke of Guise launched an attack into the woods around the chteau. Spouse: King Henry II. Ronsard may be referring to Artemisia, who drank the ashes of her dead husband, which became part of her own body. In 1568, she was beaten, punched and had her hair pulled out by Catherine and her brother Charles after a secret affair with Henry of Guise. Her essentially moderate influence was first perceptible during the Conspiracy of Amboise (March 1560), an instance of tumultuous petitioning by the Huguenot gentry, primarily against Guisard persecution in the name of the King. It spread to many parts of France, where it persisted into the autumn. On her visit to Rome, the Venetian envoy described Catherine as "small of stature, and thin, and without delicate features, but having the protruding eyes peculiar to the Medici family". [38] The English ambassador reported a few days later that "the house of Guise ruleth and doth all about the French king". Although Catherine spent ruinous sums on the arts,[133] most of her patronage left no permanent legacy. The death of her husband's older brother in 1536 made Henry and Catherine next in line for the throne. WebClarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of France's boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. The problems facing the monarchy were complex and daunting. To some extent she was eclipsed by Louis of Nassau and a group of Flemish exiles and youthful Protestants who surrounded the King and urged him to make war upon Spain in the Netherlands, which Catherine inevitably resisted. Religious reconciliation was the conveners purpose of the Colloquy of Poissy (SeptemberNovember 1561). Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The start of Season One, in 1557, Diane de Poitiers was actually 58 years old. Under Salic law, by which only males could ascend the throne, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre now became heir presumptive to the French crown.[35]. She wrote to Bellivre, "Never have I seen myself in such trouble or with so little light by which to escape. Jeanne replied: "Pardon me if, reading that, I want to laugh, because you want to relieve me of a fear that I've never had. Catherine now rallied both Huguenot and Catholic forces to retake Le Havre from the English. Margaret, however, was secretly involved with Henry of Guise, the son of the late Duke of Guise. In 1585, Margaret abandoned her husband and was even imprisoned. [122], Many of Caron's paintings, such as those of the Triumphs of the Seasons, are of allegorical subjects that echo the festivities for which Catherine's court was famous. The surgery removed part of the birthmark, but left Clarissa greatly disfigured due to the use of potions. "[106] As usual, Catherine advised the king, who had fled the city in the nick of time, to compromise and live to fight another day. Mark Strage described these years as "the happiest of her entire life". Historica Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. Her efforts won Catherine new respect from the French people. It is essential to understand this in order to discern the coherence of her career. Catherine de' Medici's patronage of the arts, "Eglise Saint-Ferrol les Augustins | Marseille 13", "The long barren years of Catherine de Medicis: A gynaecologist's view of history", "The "infertility" of Catherine de Medici and its influence on 16th century France", "History's Black Widow: The Legend of Catherine de Medici", Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess of the Palatinate, Louise Marie Adlade de Bourbon-Penthivre, Princess Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily, Genealogical tables of the House of Medici, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&oldid=1152284564, French people of the French Wars of Religion, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de' Medici. WebBorn into the one of the great families of the Italian Renaissance, Clarice Orsini was the daughter of Jacopo Orsini of Monterotondo, a man whose family had made its fortune as mercenaries. As time passed and the likelihood of children from the marriage receded, Catherine's youngest son, Francis, Duke of Alenon, known as "Monsieur", played upon his role as heir to the throne, repeatedly exploiting the anarchy of the civil wars, which were by now as much about noble power struggles as religion. The fourteen-year-old couple left their wedding ball at midnight to perform their nuptial duties. [84], Henry married Louise de Lorraine-Vaudmont in February 1575, two days after his coronation. Henry hired Swiss troops to help him defend himself in Paris. Born: April 13, 1519, in Florence, Italy. [70] After Catherine's daughter Elisabeth died in childbirth in 1568, she had touted her youngest daughter Margaret as a bride for Philip II of Spain. Henry was carried to the Chteau de Tournelles, where five splinters of wood were extracted from his head, one of which had pierced his eye and brain. Biography Early Life [3] In practice, her authority was limited by the effects of the civil wars. The death of Pope Leo in 1521 briefly interrupted Medici power until Cardinal Giulio de' Medici was elected Pope Clement VII in 1523. His dying words were "oh, my mother" The day before he died, he named Catherine regent, since his brother and heir, Henry the Duke of Anjou, was in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, where he had been elected king the year before. Despite her optimism, the resulting Colloquy of Poissy ended in failure on 13 October 1561, dissolving itself without her permission. Catherine was born in Florence to Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne. In fact, a large population of Italiansbankers, silk-weavers, philosophers, musicians, and artists, including Leonardo da Vincihad emigrated to France to promote the burgeoning Renaissance. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. She was buried, but she went on to escape from her gravesite. Catherine was also eager for a match between one of her two youngest sons and Elizabeth I of England. [30] Diane never regarded Catherine as a threat. Art historian Henri Zerner has called this monument "the last and most brilliant of the royal tombs of the Renaissance. Catherine met Coligny, but he refused to back down. WebCatherine and Clarissa have a very complicated relationship. She was soon part of marriage negotiations and was considered as a bride for King Edward VI of England. D'Aubiac was executed, though not, despite Catherine's wish, in front of Margaret. The wedding, a grand affair marked by extravagant display and gift-giving,[19] took place in the glise Saint-Ferrol les Augustins in Marseille on 28 October 1533. As dauphine, Catherine was expected to provide a future heir to the throne. [40] Nevertheless, all his official acts began with the words: "This being the good pleasure of the Queen, my lady-mother, and I also approving of every opinion that she holdeth, am content and command that". The members of the Flying Squadron were supposedly so beautiful and so good at their jobs that they were known to make men see God, or at least worship Him in a different way. Margaret outlived her former husband, her mother, her father and all her siblings. Key Accomplishments: A powerful force during the reigns of three successive kings, Catherine played a major role in 16th-century politics. [63] The war was ended by the Peace of Longjumeau of 2223 March 1568, but civil unrest and bloodshed continued. Clarissa educated Catherine, along with her own children, and Catherine was happy in her new atmosphere living with her aunt. She was left in the care of Nostradamus, who secretly brought her to the French court and allowed for her to live in the secret passageways of the castle, out of the sight of her family, who believed that she had died. The Protestants looked for leadership first to Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre, the First Prince of the Blood, and then, with more success, to his brother, Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Cond, who backed a plot to overthrow the Guises by force. 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[107] The king's actions effectively ended her days of power. The treaty was sealed by the betrothal of Catherine's thirteen-year-old daughter Elisabeth to Philip II of Spain. Webdecade of Catherine de Medicis marriage was attributed to Henry II, who was born with hypospadias and chordee. Catherine had no more children. [26] Catherine quickly conceived again and on 2 April 1545 she bore a daughter, Elisabeth. Catherine built two new palaces in Paris: the Tuileries and the Htel de la Reine. The last two daughters were twins; one of the twins, Joan, died during the delivery and the other, Victoire, died a few weeks later. From that day, Catherine took a broken lance as her emblem, inscribed with the words "lacrymae hinc, hinc dolor" ("from this come my tears and my pain"), and wore black mourning in memory of Henry.[36]. [88] Francis died of consumption in June 1584, after a disastrous intervention in the Low Countries during which his army had been massacred. She may have owed her change of fortune to the physician Jean Fernel, who may have noticed slight abnormalities in the couple's sexual organs and advised them how to solve the problem. He remarried to Marie de Medici and had several children by her. Catherine asked Henry to act before Margaret brought shame on them again. The chronicler L'Estoile reported that she cried all through her lunch that day. Henry insisted on riding against Montgomery again, and this time, Montgomery's lance shattered in the king's face. WebThe marriage was not popular in France. Subscribe to our free weekly newsletter and stay up to date on History of Royal Women's articles! WebCatherine's mother died when she was two-weeks-old and her father soon afterwards. After becoming pregnant once, Catherine had no trouble doing so again. "[95], Many leading Roman Catholics were appalled by Catherine's attempts to appease the Huguenots. The Huguenots retreated to the fortified stronghold of La Rochelle on the west coast, where Jeanne d'Albret and her fifteen-year-old son, Henry of Bourbon, joined them. Catherines letters were often filled with advice and instructions. Catherines dowry was considered too small and alliances between royalty and merchant families like the Medicis, however rich, were still unusual.
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