Blockbuster LLC, formerly known as Blockbuster Video,[5] is an American brand currently owned by Dish Network. [75] Subsequently, Circuit City filed for bankruptcy on November 10, 2008, and, after liquidating all of its stores, ceased operations on March 8, 2009. H. Wayne Huizenga took over Blockbuster in 1987 Joel Auerbach/Getty Images The man most commonly associated with Blockbuster's early years is not David Cook. Additionally, online rental downloads of Universal Pictures in the United Kingdom remains exclusive to Blockbuster. [225], These price drops were followed by a price drop of the Blockbuster UK online pay per rent service. Late fees, it turned out, were a massive source of revenue for Blockbuster. competitor. The unlimited three-disc plan cost 14.99/month but did not allow in-store exchange, contrary to the U.S. service. That was in 1998, roughly five years too early. Online DVD subscriptions were introduced on Blockbuster.com, also known as Blockbuster Online. But he couldn't sell his product to agencies that oversee toll roads. Like the pre-Ringo drummer, Cook's disappearance seems to have paved the way for everyone else around. The most obvious application was for railroad cars; Cook hit upon another when he found himself fuming at a tollbooth. In August 1997, Reed Hastings founded Netflix. [238] However, the "heavily promoted" deal fell through, with Enron's shares dropping following the announcement. Icahn accused Blockbuster of overpaying chairman and CEO John F. Antioco, who had served in that capacity since 1997, receiving $51.6 million in compensation for 2004. [139] Most Blockbuster locations also accepted trade-ins of used movies, TV shows, and games.[140]. [30] Nintendo ultimately lost the battle, which paved the way for future video game rental. His company was different than other rental . Having built a $6 million distribution center so that stores "could pop up instantly," as he puts it--with inventory tailored to neighborhood demographics--he found Huizenga, who agreed to put up about $18 million in return for voting control. [182] The new owners planned to gradually phase out game and movie sales and rental within 2016, but due to the fast changes in the market it happened almost immediately after the takeover, and seven of the stores, therefore, closed in 2015. There were no streaming services, so if you wanted to see a specific movie, you had to go to a physical store, hope they had a copy, and then return it on time to avoid late fees. At the company's peak, it had 9,000 stores worldwide. It appropriated a similar colour scheme to Blockbuster and grew to a chain of 50 stores in smaller towns not serviced by a Blockbuster. On February 1, 2013, a large number of Blockbuster stores in the UK were closed, and the UK business was purchased out of administration by restructuring firm Gordon Brothers Europe on March 23, 2013. Like the pre-Ringo drummer, Cook's disappearance seems to have paved the way for everyone else around him to flourish. [3] Blockbuster would often custom-tailor a store's inventory to its neighborhood, based on local demographics. All rights reserved. [161][162] However, since the two brands came together, the network has shrunk, reflected in Video Ezy and Blockbuster franchises closing 270 stores across Australia in the four years to August 2011. The . At this time, there were 2,800 Blockbuster stores. The chain was financially stable with 49 corporately owned stores and one franchise until a lawsuit filed by Blockbuster LLC in 1994 forced the closure of all of the Megahit stores. At the time, rental stores, like Blockbuster, were the only way people could watch movies that had left theaters without buying the VHS tapes themselves. [138] Older movies would be re-categorized as "Blockbuster Favorite" titles and placed in a different area of the store. [48] In November 1996 Blockbuster confirmed that it was moving its headquarters from Fort Lauderdale, Florida, to the Renaissance Tower in downtown Dallas. "[110] Keith Hoogland, owner of Family Video, attributed poor decision-making as a primary reason the company did not survive. A Blockbuster video game section in the late '90s. (Photo by David Friedman/Getty Images). By that point, Blockbuster was reaching its peak. Disclaimer. Nobody wants you shrieking and pointing every time the car passes one of those torn-ticket logos. [175] On May 25, 2011, it was announced that 146 stores, accounting for approximately 35% of the company's stores in Canada, would be shut down effective June 18, 2011. As part of the transaction, Blockbuster GB rebranded the stores as Blockbuster. Icahn began to accumulate a massive stake in Blockbuster but unfortunately, his views for the company clashed with those of then-CEO John Antioco. "The first night we were so mobbed we had to lock the doors to prevent more people from coming in," recalls Cook, whose inventory system used bar codes to track the movements of 10,000 films per store. This provides an advantage to the rental company compared to its competitors HMV, Play, and LoveFilm. This feud was so great that in 2007, Antioco stepped down from his position. Five years later, Viacom took Blockbuster public, as the number of stores reached 6,000 globally. [228][229] Support for online sales of used movie and game discs was added in July 2011. [124][170], Blockbuster was the largest video rental chain in the country, but finances were not good enough due to high rental prices. In 2009, Blockbuster sold off its Irish operations to Birchall Investments, with the few Xtra-vision stores in the UK being rebranded as Blockbuster. [227] A "Top Ticket" feature was added in April 2011, allowing monthly subscription customers to rent an additional movie at no extra charge and to receive it before other movies they request. Enter a date in the format M/D (e.g., 1/1), https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-blockbuster-store-opens, Stock markets have the largest-ever one-day crash on "Black Monday", John Z. DeLorean is arrested in $24 million cocaine deal, Take on Me music video helps Norways A-ha reach the top the U.S. pop charts, Guildford Four are cleared of IRA bombings, Editorial accuses Thomas Jefferson of affair with enslaved woman. While it was a major success every free movie cost the company two dollars, but the hope was that it would attract enough new subscribers to cover the loss. SoftBank and Toyota want driverless cars to change the world, Barnes & Noble stock soars 20% as it explores a sale, Why it's time for investors to go on the defense. A Brief History of Blockbuster 1985: Founder David Cook had fallen on hard times when his software business suffered with a downturn in the oil and gas industry, where his main buyers were.. Netflix's "Blockbuster" takes place in a fictional version of the chain's only remaining store. The venture was not successful. He Began Blockbuster. RedditA typical Blockbuster storefront. El Salvador followed in 2010, and Argentina in 2011.[205]. [230] The Blockbuster UK website was enhanced in September 2011. In 1987, he sold part of the business to a group of investors that included Wayne Huizenga, founder of Waste Management, Inc., the worlds biggest garbage disposal company. [184] The rights to the Blockbuster brand are now in hands of Nuuday. Also that year, it acquired Gamestation, a 64-store UK computer and console games retailer chain, and purchased DVD Rental Central for $1 million, an Arizona father-and-son online DVD-rental company with about ten thousand subscribers. An curved arrow pointing right. Video Ezy committed to the master franchise agreement with Blockbuster for 10 years operating the brand with the possibility of renewal for a further 10 years after that. In May 2005, financier Carl Icahn waged a successful proxy fight to add himself and two other members to the board. At the same time, Blockbuster decided to end late fees. "But you learn your limitations." You can navigate days by using left and right arrows. When Video Works would not allow him to decorate the interior of his store with a blue-and-yellow design, he departed the franchise and opened the first Blockbuster Video in 1985 under his own company Blockbuster Video Inc.[21][22] When he realized the potential in video rentals, Cook abandoned the oil industry and began franchising the Blockbuster store. With this pricing scheme, rentals were once again limited to a certain number of days and accrued pay-per-day rates after the days allocated are exceeded. "[112] Commentators view Blockbuster as a main example of failing to change with the times. Tucker Carlson ousted at Fox News following network's $787 million settlement. Date: 4/30 #1 Intoxication. Browse 12,024 david cook stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. 1055 North 500 West Provo, UT 84604 Since then there were several changes back and forth with regard to this policy; in March 2010 customers were allowed a limited number of in-store exchanges. Blockbuster was known for charging customers a fee for every day they were late returning a movie rental. Blockbuster was founded by David Cook, a software. Blockbuster was founded by David Cook, who had previously owned a business that provided computer software services to the oil and gas industry in Texas. This lasted until Virgin sold its interest in the six stores to Blockbuster, which promptly rebranded them in 1993 as Blockbuster Music. The company hired Jeff Stegenga to be its chief restructuring officer (CRO) in an effort to satisfy bondholder demands and recapitalize the company. At its peak, in 2004, Blockbuster had more than 9,000 stores and some 60,000 employees. It announced it would end its DVD-rental services on September 29, 2023, according to an official Twitter account dedicated to the DVD-side of the business. The last picture show in the form of five-inch disks hand-delivered to your door in red envelopes will shut down on September 29, 2023. . In the pilot program, Blockbuster offered selected titles for rental and sale in 250 stores. Blockbuster faced additional competition from the rise of pay-per-view and on-demand movie services, through which viewers could pay for and watch movies instantly in their own homes. And below, learn about the dramatic rise and fall of the video rental store that defined an era. Through Blockbuster Online, customers could rent a DVD online and receive a new movie for free when they returned it to a Blockbuster store. The stores were . A typical Blockbuster storefront. [173] It began a partnership with Wind Mobile in December 2009, selling mobile phones at all stores in cities where Wind's service was available. [citation needed], Blockbuster stores followed a strategy of emphasizing access to the most popular new releases, obtaining early access and stocking many copies of the new-release titles, with a relatively narrower range of selections than traditional independent video stores. [185], Blockbuster opened 20 stores in Berlin and Munich and announced plans to open 250 more.[when?] Upstart Netflix A Blockbuster store in Anchorage, Alaska. He knows what--and how--it happened. Cheese's. [24][25][26] The chain's name is derived from the term blockbuster, a Hollywood term for a successful film. Since 2000, per capita G.D.P. The Dish chief would not say which stores the company was planning to close, but that each potential closing was to be assessed on a "case by case basis". [91] Dish eventually won the auction on April 6, 2011, agreeing to buy Blockbuster for $320 million and the assumption of $87 million in liabilities and other obligations. [144][145] Apart from the license to use the Blockbuster brand name, Blockbuster Express kiosks are unrelated to Blockbuster LLC, its stores, its DVD-by-mail service, or its online streaming service. Reddit A typical Blockbuster storefront. Other mass retailers soon followed suit. [141] However, the company did carry R-rated and unrated films. In 1993, Blockbuster invested in the indoor kids' play restaurant Discovery Zone. On August 6, 2010, Blockbuster By Mail subscribers gained access to Blockbuster's library of console games, in addition to movies and television shows. Discovery Zone abruptly closed half of its locations in 1999 and sold thirteen others to the parent company of Chuck E. Before 2005, this was done through the acquisition of the Movies Plus Group and the conversion of some individual Movies 4U and Movieland outlets. The Carl and Ray campaign started again in 2007 starting with a commercial in the first quarter of Super Bowl XLI. Throughout 1999 and 2000, Blockbuster Australia quickly expanded its franchise store network through the conversion of smaller groups and the granting of individual franchises. Previous franchise owner Ken Tisher said in 2015, "Blockbuster, if it isn't already, is going to go into the Harvard Business Review for how not to run a business, or how to run a business into the ground. 2023 David Cook Race for Hope-DC Team for a Cure T-Shirt Theme Contest! [citation needed], The original Blockbuster company, Blockbuster Video Inc., was merged into the parent company Blockbuster Entertainment Inc. which had earlier replaced the Blockbuster Entertainment Company. Not bad for a startup. [203], Blockbuster opened its first store in Peru in 1995, and by 2002 it had ten stores in Lima. Check out these vintage summer camp photos straight from your parents' photo albums. Income for the top 0.1 percent of earners, by contrast, has jumped 41 percent . Cable News Network. In 1994, Blockbuster scored another major win when Viacom bought the company for a staggering $8.4 billion. According to the 8-K filing by Blockbuster, the total purchase price was $6.6 million. It appropriated a similar colour scheme to Blockbuster and grew to a chain of 50 stores in smaller towns not serviced by a Blockbuster. [224] Throughout the year 2011, Blockbuster UK announced several price cuts along with a new Blockbuster loyalty card program. In April 2011, Blockbuster's landlords objected to its assumption of leases that it sought to assign to soon-to-be-owner Dish Network Corp., claiming that they did not have adequate assurance that the new owner would honor those leases. All Rights Reserved.Terms One Megahit Video, the sole franchise, survived and is still in operation in Newfoundland as a video store and collectible shop. [84][85] Movie Gallery/Hollywood Video had filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation earlier in 2010 for similar reasons.[86]. The first re-branded Blockbuster outlet opened on Walworth Road, South London, the same year. After failing to pay on August 13, bondholders gave Blockbuster until September 30, 2010. The logo changed slightly, but retained the ITC Machine font. In 1989, the company entered the United Kingdom via its purchase of the 875-store Ritz Video chain for $135 million, from parent company Citivision. Before the deal could be realized, board member Carl Icahn intervened, refusing to let the company lose more money through Total Access. Per the Associated Press, Blockbuster's "No Late Fees" campaign wasn't exactly what it seemed to be. The Bend, Oregon Blockbuster couldn't afford the millions of dollars that a real Super Bowl ad would have cost. The 1985 founding of Blockbuster is "an old story now," he points out. Cook started the superstore as a way to apply what he knew about building giant databases. [32] In 1992, Blockbuster acquired the Sound Warehouse and Music Plus music retail chains and created Blockbuster Music. For US$10 per month the members would have access to both a streaming service and movies and games-by-mail. Privacy Policy. [60], On or around October 14, 2004, Blockbuster was spun-off from Viacom. 1992: Blockbuster acquires the Sound Warehouse and Music Plus chains to create Blockbuster Music stores. [82] Blockbuster paired up with Time Warner to have Warner Bros. movies made available in Blockbuster stores on the DVD release date and not be subject to a four-week delay. Thus customers had a choice to rent, wait, or buy the film on tape at the much higher manufacturer's suggested retail price targeted at other rental chains and film enthusiasts, which at that time ranged between $70$100 per title. A father and daughter look for movies at Blockbuster. "I'm sort of a recluse," says Cook, who lives in Dallas with his wife and two cats. This report was included in Blockbusters's 10-K SEC filing. Upon visiting Blockbuster.com, a screen with the company's logo appears with the tantalizing promise "We are working on rewinding your movie.". In March 2010, Blockbuster began "Additional Daily Rates", or "ADRs", for rentals not returned by their due date in the United States, having already used this procedure in other countries such as the UK for many years. The company did not respond to Insider's request for comment on its website and tweets. In an attempt to wipe out $1 billion of debt, in 2010 Blockbuster filed for bankruptcy and was delisted with revenues of just $120 million from its depleted U.S. store estate. ChoicesUK is an AIM-listed multi-channel distributor and retailer of DVDs, computer games, and CDs. [193], In March 1991, Fujita Den Trading (which was the master franchise owner of McDonald's in Japan) and Blockbuster Inc entered into a joint venture to establish Japan's first Blockbuster Video stores. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. On January 16, 2013, Blockbuster placed its United Kingdom subsidiaries in administration, putting over 4,000 jobs at risk. Even announcing plans to waive late fees in 2005 did nothing to soften the blow. Walmart seized the opportunity and in a few years surpassed Blockbuster as the studios' single largest source of revenue. It's rise was meteoric. [72] Movielink was an online video service that allowed customers to download movie rentals from a library of over 6,000 films, created in 2002 by five major studios including Warner Bros, MGM Studios, Paramount Pictures, Sony Pictures, and Universal Studios. [220], In January 2010, Blockbuster UK launched an online blog. Late fees of 0.70 to 0.90 per disc applied if a disc was not returned on time. From 2003 to 2005, the company lost 75% of its market value, Forbes reported. [216] A "Click & Collect" service launched in September 2010 allowed the reservation of Blockbuster movies in store, but the store's regular rental fees applied until the company added in-store exchanges in May 2012. The chain was financially stable with 49 corporately owned stores and one franchise until a lawsuit filed by Blockbuster LLC in 1994 forced the closure of all of the Megahit stores. Blockbuster wasn't the first store to offer VHS rentals, but it immediately set itself apart from the competition on one key front: the sheer number of choices. In October 2010, FEG transferred control of the Video Ezy Australia and Blockbuster Australia online businesses to its newly acquired and reorganized company, Elan Media Partners, leaving FEG to manage the franchise relationships with individual Video Ezy and Blockbuster outlets. Market indices are shown in real time, except for the DJIA, which is delayed by two minutes. Cook estimates that he sacrificed about $300 million by not holding onto his stock for a few more years. The company had already closed down its stores in Ecuador, Portugal and Costa Rica. After working in computer software, Cook decided to open his own video-rental store in Dallas, Texas. Blockbuster Express was a movie-rental kiosk brand sublicensed for use by licensee NCR Corporation. During the same month a dissident shareholder, Gregory S. Meyer, in an effort to be elected to Blockbuster's board of directors, engaged in a proxy battle with Blockbuster's board, alleging that the board had been responsible for significant destruction of value to shareholders. Blockbuster eventually expanded beyond movies into games and even music. Dr. Craig S. Cook is a General Surgeon in Provo, UT. By 2019, there was only one Blockbuster remaining. DEJ Deal to First Look. Cook Data Services, Inc., was founded in 1982 by David Cook to supply computer software services to Texas ' s oil and gas industry. [101][102][103][104] The Blockbuster official website identified 51 franchise locations remaining in operation in the U.S. in 2014. and a host of other streaming services had been eating away at Blockbusters market share and although Viacom parted ways with Blockbuster in 2004 and the company launched Blockbuster Online, it was too little, too late. It was the place to be on a Friday night, whether they were looking for a certain movie or browsing for a video game to play on a budget. [68], A billion-dollar campaign called "Total Access" was introduced in 2007 as a strategy against Netflix. BOND: $854 #3 Fail To Appear On Citation. It features a cockroach scurrying into the store in a post-apocalyptic world. Despite growing competition from Netflix and Redbox, the company downplayed the threat, choosing instead to focus on Apple and Walmart as their primary competition. [13][14][15][16][17][18], Blockbuster's beginnings can be traced back to another company, Cook Data Services, founded by David Cook in 1978. [6] Previously operated by Blockbuster Entertainment, Inc.,[7] the company expanded internationally throughout the 1990s. The names Blockbuster Express[146] and Blockbuster Video Express[147] had also been used for smaller Blockbuster retail stores in the United Kingdom. [233] In May 2012, Blockbuster UK partnered with IGN to launch a new Blockbuster VIP Gamer loyalty program.[234]. Published Dec 24, 2020. Cook does turn chatty--or multisyllabic anyway--in listing his reasons for not talking himself up. David Cook has been a singer since he was in high school, but he didn't become famous until he won the seventh season of American Idol in 2008. [35] Blockbuster purchased Super Club Retail Entertainment Corp. on November 22, 1993, from Philips Electronics, N.V. for 5.2 million shares of Blockbuster stock. The company had 1.5 million subscribers at the end of the third quarter of 2006. In some cities customers could add games to their movie rental queue as if they were included in their plan, but game rentals resulted in a separate additional fee which was not displayed or charged until the end of the billing cycle. Dec 20, 2022 Antioco scrapped late fees in January, started an internet service, and decided to keep the company independent, while Icahn wanted to sell out to a private equity firm. ", "Blockbuster nationwide DVD and game trading program", "Viewership uncertainty causes Blockbuster to cancel awards", "NCR Exploring 'Options' for Blockbuster Express Including Sale", "Wayback Machine: blockbusterexpress.com", "Blockbuster Video Gets Into the Game With Game Rush", "MEDIA; Showdown Begins in Movie-Rental Business; Blockbuster Tries a Remake (Published 2004)", "(PRN) Blockbuster Reaches Agreement to Sell Rhino Video Games to GameStop", "Gamerush is becoming part of the new Blockbuster", "From the Archives: Discovery Zone; a short-lived indoor play zone enjoyed by kids in the 1990s", "Discovery Zone Is Making A Comeback This Month! 60K Followers, 807 Following, 831 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from David Cook (@davidcookofficial) [136][137] As one commentator complained, "Blockbuster was once an unstoppable giant whose franchises swept across the country putting mom and pop video stores out of business left and right by offering a larger selection of new releases, pricing them at a lower point due to the volume they worked in Gone were the fragmented, independently owned shops that were often unorganized treasure troves of VHS discoveries. [240] Blockbuster's move to follow the business pattern with its online rentals as was established by Netflix prompted Netflix to sue Blockbuster for patent infringement. A staff writer for All That's Interesting, Austin Harvey has also had work published with Discover Magazine, Giddy, and Lucid covering topics on mental health, sexual health, history, and sociology. Most stock quote data provided by BATS. 1994: Media giant Viacom Inc. acquires Blockbuster. Even in its early days, Netflix had two major advantages over Blockbuster: movies were delivered directly to customers' homes, and there were no late fees. Readers pick a Blockbuster", "Blockbuster settles "no late fees" claims", "Blockbuster Settles State Probes Into Late Fee Ads", "Blockbuster to settle lawsuit over late fees", "Blockbuster customers to be reimbursed for late fees", "Lighting Science Group Corporation Form 8-K", United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Additional store closings would go on for several years,[163][164][165][166] until all the stores in Australia had closed, although vending kiosks with the Blockbuster logo were still in operation until early 2021. [197], In September 2015, all remaining Blockbuster retail stores (263 in total) in Mexico had been converted to "The B Store", and the floor space dedicated to video rentals reduced from 70% to 20%, the remaining space being used for general technology and electronics sales. Two-thirds of Florida workers not moving with headquarters, "Taco Bell Chief Antioco Moving to Blockbuster", "Hollywood's New Zombie: The last days of Blockbuster", "Blockbuster sign removed from Stamford plaza listed for $15K on Facebook Marketplace", "Wherehouse Buys Blockbuster Music for $115 million", "Enron, Blockbuster Partner For Movie Mania", "Blockbuster's Broadband-Video Deal Collapses", "With Several Million U.S. Unlike the U.S. service, there was no in-store disk exchange. The program was discontinued in 2006 with no grandfathering, but an in-store-only variant of it resurfaced in early 2008. [49] Most of the workers at the Florida headquarters did not want to relocate, so Blockbuster planned to hire around 500 to 600 new employees for its Dallas headquarters. Many began selling DVDs below wholesale price in hopes of selling more items with better profit margins as a result of the additional foot traffic in their stores. At ZixCorp, they say he's retired. [208], Blockbuster UK then traded as TS Operations, with only 264 branches retained. [130] However, it no longer has any assets or ties to the Blockbuster brand or its remaining franchise location. On September 23, 2010, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Chicago Mercantile Association: Certain market data is the property of Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc. and its licensors. Here's a brief history. In 1988, Blockbuster became the leading video-store chain in the US with 800 stores. Located in Bend, Oregon, the independently-owned store has reached a surprising level of fame as "The Last Blockbuster" and it's still open today. Blockbuster stocked Blu-ray titles in almost 5,000 stores across the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Australia. [27] At that time, there were 19 stores, attracting Huizenga's associate John Melk's attention due to its efficiency, family-friendly no porn image and business model. The studio was to receive 40% of rental revenues in return, which was the same deal already in place for VHS rentals. Founded in 1985 by David Cook, Blockbuster debuted in Dallas, Tx. Anderson was president and chief financial officer of Cook Data. Netflix felt threatened, and Netflix CEO Reed Hastings approached Antioco with a suggestion to buy Blockbuster's online business. After studying a video store franchise for an acquaintance, "I determined there might be a bigger industry there," he says. "I like dealing with computers better than dealing with people," Cook confesses. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. The chain presented itself as family-friendly by not renting pornographic films. In return, a new system would be introduced where customers could return their movies to a Blockbuster store. A small chain called Megahit Video began in Canada in 1986. Just seven years later, he sold the company to Viacom for . In addition to benefiting from a lower initial price, Blockbuster also capitalized on the fact that movies were generally not available for purchase at affordable price points during initial release periods. We will close unprofitable stores. By the early 1990s, Blockbuster had launched its 1,000th store and expanded into the overseas market. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. We're all hyperaware of what Huizenga did with his Blockbuster-boosted windfall (quick--name a professional sports team in Florida he hasn't owned), but Cook's spot in entrepreneurial history seems much harder to locate. "I haven't found anybody who doesn't think Blockbuster did a whole lot better under Wayne--including me.". On March 28, 2011, South Korean telecommunications company SK Telecom made a surprise bid to buy Blockbuster. On March 17, 2010, Blockbuster issued a bankruptcy warning after continued drops in revenue threatened its ability to service its nearly $1 billion debt load. Recent website changes have some speculating about a possible comeback. Cook's experience with managing huge databases proved helpful in driving innovation within the industry. The computerized voice on his cellphone announces that you've reached someone's mailbox but doesn't identify whose.
